Daniel Kessler

Daniel Kessler

We perform minimalistic reconstructions of the dark energy density and equation of state using late-time distance measurements. Our methodology avoids assumptions that correlate the values of these functions over time and instead yields their approximate average evolution within seven redshift bins from z=0 to z=4.2. Constraints are obtained using combinations of baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from either the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) or the completed Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), alongside Type~Ia supernovae measurements from Pantheon+ or the latest recalibrated samples, Union3.1 and DES-Dovekie. Only an acoustic scale prior is included from the Cosmic Microwave Background so that our results are insensitive to the possible matter density tension between early and late-time probes. All combinations yield consistent reconstructed histories: a dark energy density that rises to a local maximum before decreasing at late times and an equation of state with two apparent oscillations around the cosmological constant limit. These patterns are robust to numerous parameter extensions, such as freely varying spatial curvature and neutrino mass, and they persist in the uncorrelated amplitudes obtained through localized principal component analysis. Our results suggest that the dark energy evolution signal is a persistent feature of the data and that it cannot be explained solely by fluctuations or systematics in individual measurements.